<p>Galboda Falls is a waterfall in Sri Lanka. It is located by Nuwara Eliya District. Galboda is along the railway track of Colombo to Badulla. The environment is cool with much rain.</p><br>
<p>The waterfall is 30 m high, and the width ranges from between 3 m&ndash;6 m, depending on the season. It is 2 km from the railway station. Since the area is close to Watawala, where the rainfall is high, the waterfall is ever young. Annual rainfall here exceeds 4500 mm, 60% of the rain coming from the south-west monsoon dry season is January to February.</p><br>
<h2>Derivation of name</h2><br>
<p>The name of the fall (Galboda) means ‘fall adjoining the stone’. It derives from the large boulder situated at its foot.</p><br>
<h3>Travel information</h3><br>
<p>The only way to Galboda is by train. There are two express trains from Colombo heading to Badulla and both trains stop at Galboda Station.</p><br>
<h2>Village life</h2><br>
<p>Galboda is an isolated village located in between Nawalapitiya and Watawala, in the Colombo-Badulla, the upcountry railway.</p><br>
<p>Since there is not a well-developed road system yet, the railway is the only source of transportation for the villages and travelers.</p><br>
<h2>Nature and wildlife</h2><br>
<p>At certain times of year, the water cascades in two streams. Growing in the surrounding woodland is a rare species of orchid and the vicinity is home to wildlife. Among them are 12 species of reptile and four are only found in Sri Lanka.</p><br>
<p>Peoples National Bank Building-Fries Building are two historic buildings located in downtown Rock Island, Illinois, United States. They were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1999. The buildings were built separately, but have subsequently been connected on the first three floors.</p><br>
<h2>People’s National Bank Building</h2><br>
<p>The People’s National Bank Building was constructed as a three-story building around 1876 by a now unknown person. The original architect is also unknown, but it is known that Drack & Kerns and George Stauduhar have altered the building in subsequent years. The bank itself had been organized two years previous, and purchased the building around 1904. They extensively renovated the building and added the fourth floor. In 1912 the bank branched out into the German Trust & Savings Bank, renamed American Trust & Savings Bank during World War I, to handle personal accounts. The banks were bought and sold during the 1920s and eventually closed. The building&#39;s first floor housed an early location of McCabe’s Department Store. They were followed by a series of other retailers.</p><br>
<h2>Fries Building</h2><br>
<p>The Fries Building was built by Frank G. Young and William Sharp McCombs as the new location for their department store. It was designed by the architectural firm of Drack & Kerns. The building opened in 1897 and featured 22,400 ft&sup2; of space. The store moved to a larger building 1909. Subsequent retailers who occupied the building include a shoe store, Mosenfelder & Kohn; a furniture store, Hadley Company; Bennison’s Department Store and the New York Store.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The bank portion of the building is a four-story brick structure. In addition to the fourth-floor, the Second Avenue façade was added to the building in 1904. The Fries Building is three-stories, and features a decorative frieze and round windows at the top. Pilasters are located between the large windows on the upper levels. Both buildings feature a tripartite division of base, center and cornice that horizontally divide the buildings. Both buildings also feature Commercial style windows.</p><br>
<p>Villa de Chantal Historic District was an historic district located in Rock Island, Illinois, United States. The property was designated a Rock Island Landmark in 1994, and it was listed as a historic district on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005. Its local landmark status was removed on November 12, 2007. It was removed from the National Register in 2012. The Villa de Chantal was a Catholic girl’s boarding and day school operated by the Sisters of the Visitation. The school closed in 1978 and the building was largely destroyed in a fire in 2005. The property now houses the Rock Island Center for Math & Science of the Rock Island-Milan School District #41.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Visitation Sisters came to Rock Island from Maysville, Kentucky in 1898. They established a school on Fifth Avenue near Sacred Heart Church. Because of the success of the school they chose to build a larger school and bought property on Ball’s Bluff at the edge of Highland Park. The first part of the complex opened in 1901. Within five years the school had grown to 60 boarders and a larger addition was built to expand the school. The older section of the building housed the convent and the new section housed the dormitories, classrooms and chapel. A chaplain’s bungalow was added to the property in 1919. The east wing of the building, known as Lewis Hall, was built in 1929 and contained classrooms and a gymnasium. This expansion was funded by Frank Lewis and a fundraising drive led by Thomas P. Sinnett.</p><br>
<p>The Sisters operated a twelve-grade school. The boarding school was discontinued in 1958. The last high school class graduated in 1975, and the school itself ceased operating in 1978. In the early 1990s the complex was sold and a private school, named Morningstar Academy, occupied the building. The building was also available for parties and receptions. The school moved from the building in 2005 when developer Chris Ales purchased the building. He intended to renovate the building into apartments for senior citizens as he had done in the former St. Katherine’s-St. Mark’s School and the former Marycrest College buildings across the river in Davenport, Iowa.</p><br>
<p>In the early morning hours of July 14, 2005 the older sections of the building were consumed in a fire. Only the brick shell of the structure remained, as did the 1929 addition and the caretaker’s home. The cause of the fire was not determined. The Rock Island-Milan School District acquired the property and the remaining buildings were torn down in 2008. The Rock Island Center for Math & Science, a magnet school focusing on math and science, opened in 2010.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The two older wings of the building were designed by Rock Island architect George P. Stauduhar in the Gothic Revival style. The original sections featured a dark rough brick on the ground level and a light buff brick on the upper portions. The main entrance was framed by two octagon shaped towers. The western tower was topped by a belfry and contained a bell the Sisters had brought with them from Kentucky. The tower on the east side was crenellated at the top. The entrance itself was white glazed terra cotta. The façade featured different window shapes, such as a rose window, pointed arch chapel windows, gothic outlined and tracery windows and simple multi-paned casements. The Lewis Hall was designed by architect Edward Lerch. It was similar to the western portion of the building, but less ornate. The Chaplain’s Bungalow, which Stauduhar also designed, was influenced by the Prairie School style. The side openings of the porch show influences of the Gothic style that tie it in with the rest of the Villa.</p><br>
<p>The Joanna Furnace Complex was an iron furnace that operated from 1792 to 1901 in Robeson Township, Berks County, Pennsylvania. It was founded by Samuel Potts and Thomas Rutter III and named for Potts&#39;s wife Joanna. The furnace and its associated buildings were listed as a historic district by the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<p>After the Civil War the charcoal-fired furnace was owned by Clement Grubbs son-in-law, L. Heber Smith, a Civil War Colonel who married Clements daughter Ella Jane Brooke Grubb in 1868. It passed through several hands before Smith took ownership, probably after the war and before his marriage to Ella Jane. It is likely that the Grubbs assisted with the furnaces major technological upgrade in 1889, when Ella Jane was an heiress to her fathers sizable estate that year. The furnace continued in operation under Smith until it was "blown out" after his death in 1898 at the age of 61. The furnace was acquired by Bethlehem Steel, who deeded it to the Hay Creek Valley Historical Association in 1979. The ruins have been preserved and are open to visitors.</p><br>
<p>The Ashburton River / Hakatere is a river in the Canterbury Region of New Zealand. The official name of the river was amended to become a dual name by the Ngai Tahu Claims Settlement Act 1998. It has been identified as an Important Bird Area by BirdLife International because it supports breeding colonies of the endangered black-billed gull.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The river has two branches which meet 21 km from the coast, just inland of the town of Ashburton. The branches remain parallel and no more than 3 km apart for a further 20 km upstream of their confluence, finally diverging near the small settlement of Ashburton Forks. Both branches are crossed via siphons by the Rangitata Diversion Race, part of an irrigation scheme.</p><br>
<p>The river separates Ashburton from its southern suburb, Tinwald. Both river and town are named for Bingham Baring, 2nd Baron Ashburton, who was a leading member of the Canterbury Association.</p><br>
<h3>North branch</h3><br>
<p>The Ashburton River North Branch / Hakatere flows from the slopes of Godley Peak (2,087 m) in the Palmer Range. The uppermost reach of the river is known as Petticoat lane. The river flows south then southwest through narrow scree-sided valleys with almost no areas of river flats. The Black Hills Range and Pudding Hill Range lie to the northeast and the Alford Range to the southwest. The river emerges from the hills adjacent to Pudding Hill airfield.</p><br>
<h3>South branch</h3><br>
<p>The larger Ashburton River South Branch / Hakatere starts as the outflow of the Ashburton Glacier which flows down from Mount Arrowsmith (2,781 m), 26 km west of the North branch source. It initially flows southeast down a narrow valley between the Big Hill Range and the Wild Man&#39;s Brother Range. 10 km from source the river trends south, turning southeast again to cross the flat Hakatere Valley where the outflows of several small lakes (collectively known as the Ashburton Lakes) join it. The river exits the valley via the Ashburton Gorge, with the Moorhouse Range to the south and the Clent Hills and Winterslow Range to the north, emerging onto the Canterbury Plains at Mount Somers then flowing east towards Ashburton Forks.</p><br>
<p>Showery Tor is a rocky outcrop on a ridge-top approximately 0.6 km north of the Rough Tor summit, near Camelford on Bodmin Moor in Cornwall. It is notable for its rock formations and prehistoric monuments.</p><br>
<p>The Tor is a prominent landmark for a wide area. It consists of a natural outcrop enveloped by a giant man-made ring cairn and was thought to have been a religious focal point. Craig Weatherhill in "Cornovia: Ancient Sites of Cornwall & Scilly" calls it "A natural formation of weathered granite, 5 m high...is surrounded by a massive ring cairn of piled stone 30 m in diameter and up to 1.2 m high. The natural formation was evidently intended as a focal point. No excavations have been recorded at this site, so it is not known how many, if any, burials were associated with this presumably Neolithic or Bronze Age site" Christopher Tilley has estimated the height of the cairn on which the outcrop stands to be 3 m. The granite outcrop is reminiscent of the Cheesewring and made of individual blocks on underlying outcrops formed by erosion along horizontal fractures in the granitic mass. Aerial photography has revealed more about the layout of the structures on Showery Tor and it stands out as the only natural formation to have been used in this way by the cairn designers.</p><br>
<h2>Pictures</h2><br>
<p>The Roman Catholic St. Marys Cathedral Basilica of the Assumption in Covington, Kentucky, is a minor basilica in the United States. Construction of the cathedral began under the Diocese of Covingtons third bishop, Camillus Paul Maes, in 1895 to replace an 1834 frame church that was inadequate for the growing congregation. Pope Pius XII elevated the cathedral to the rank of minor basilica December 8, 1953.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The sanctuary was designed by Detroit architect Leon Coquard and is inspired by the Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris. Services were first held in 1901 with the Madison Avenue façade, designed by local architect David Davis, added between 1908 and 1910. The structure is constructed of Bedford stone and the roofs are covered with red ludovici tile. It measures 194 x and the nave reaches a height of 81 ft. The cathedral project terminated in 1915, though it remains incomplete to this day with the planned 52 ft towers unbuilt.</p><br>
<p>The restoration of the Cathedral earned a 2002 Preservation Award from the Cincinnati Preservation Association. For the interior restoration, Conrad Schmitt Studios cleaned the stone ribs, tracery and walls. Studio artists also restored plaster and select faux stone painting.</p><br>
<p>The interior was modeled after St. Denis in France. It contains murals by Covington native Frank Duveneck with the high altar carved from Carrara marble with floors of Rosata and Breche marble. It depicts the Ecumenical Council of Ephesus in 431 AD that proclaimed Mary as the Mother of God.</p><br>
<p>The cathedral houses three pipe organs. The south transept gallery holds the pipe organ designed and built in 1933 for the cathedral by Henry Willis III during his tenure at the Wicks Organ Company of Highland, Illinois. Originally a three-manual console with 43 ranks of pipes, Aultz-Kersting Organ renovated and enlarged this instrument in 1982 to four-manuals with 65 ranks.</p><br>
<p>The west gallery, below the rose window, is occupied by the two-manual organ originally built for St. Joseph Roman Catholic Church in Covington, Kentucky, in 1858 by Mathais Schwab of Cincinnati, Ohio. When the St. Joseph building was razed in 1970, the Schwab organ was moved to St Mary&#39;s. The Schwab organ was altered to fit the new location, but retains most of its original components, including its mechanical key and stop actions, ivory keyboards and faux-grained casework. It contains 21 ranks. In 2002, the cathedral purchased a one-manual, 20-rank portable organ for use in various parts of the sanctuary.</p><br>
<p>Mount Arkanu or Jabal Arkanu  is a mountain in Libya.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The mountain is located in the Libyan Desert in the Kufra District of Libya, about 300 km southeast of El Tag. and about 70 km west of Arkanu and the two Arkenu structures.</p><br>
<p>Its height is 1,435 m, rising about 500 m above the surrounding Gilf Kebir plateau) and a valley-oasis. Mount Arkanu is 28 km long and 18 km wide.</p><br>
<p>Arkanu&#39;s existence had been known since 1892 through Arab sources, but the mountain was explored for the first time in 1923 by Ahmed Hassanein. The mountain consists of intrusive granite. The valley is 15 km long and oriented east-west. The vegetation consists of bushes, grass and some trees.</p><br>
<p>Arkanu is used as a pasture. Each year the Bedouins bring their herds in the valley, block the entrance (located at a height of 598 m) with rocks, and return three months later to retrieve their cattle.</p><br>
<h2>Sources</h2><br>
<p>The South Keltma  is a river in Perm Krai, Russia, a left tributary of the Kama River. It is 172 km long, and its area of drainage basin is 5,270 km&sup2;. The source of the river is located in the north of Perm Krai, near the border with the Komi Republic, in Cherdynsky District, to the north of the village of Chepets. The river freezes up in the early November and stays under the ice until the end of April. There are many swamps near the river.</p><br>
<p>In 1785 – 1822 the Northern Catherine Canal was constructed. It connected the South Keltma with the North Keltma through the Dzhurich River. It was in operation only for 16 years.</p><br>
<p>Main tributaries:</p><br>
<p>Left: Dzhurich, Olkhovka, Verhny Mal, Nizhny Mal</p><br>
<p>Right: Timsher.</p><br>
<p>The Graves Creek Ranger Station is a small historic district in Olympic National Park, Washington, USA. It includes the first administrative buildings to be built by the National Park Service in the newly designated park. The district comprises two buildings built in 1939-41 by the National Park Service in the Graves Creek region of the western park. Labor from the Civilian Conservation Corps and the Public Works Administration was used for both the ranger station residence and the garage-woodshed, as well as for a generator building that no longer stands. The 1939 ranger station residence is a one story frame structure, clad in cedar shingles. The garage is of similar construction, built in 1941. Both structures are examples of the late National Park Service Rustic style, featuring broad shingle courses and deep eaves.</p><br>
<p>Workers for the residence came from the Camp Elwha CCC camp in the northern portion of the park, the only CCC camp in the area in 1939. By 1941 another CCC camp was established near Lake Quinault at the Norwood Guard Station. The crew from the new camp went on in 1942 to construct a campground at Graves Creek.</p><br>
<p>The Graves Creek Historic District was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on July 13, 2007.</p><br>
<p>Potter House is an historic building located in Rock Island, Illinois, United States. It was designated a Rock Island Landmark in 1987, listed individually on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989, and the house was included as a contributing property in the Broadway Historic District in 1998.</p><br>
<h2>Minnie Potter</h2><br>
<p>The home was built by Minnie Potter who was the president of J.W. Potter Company, which owned the Rock Island Argus newspaper. Her husband had bought the newspaper in 1882 when it had only 500 subscribers. He died at the age of 36 in 1898. Minnie was 32 at the time, and a mother of three young children. She took over the leadership of the paper and raised her family. She never remarried. The Argus prospered under her leadership and she directed the construction of a new newspaper plant on Fourth Avenue in 1925. Mrs. Potter had the home built in 1907 and lived there until her death, and the home remained in the family until 1983. The Potter family sold the newspaper in 1985.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The home was designed by Rock Island architect George Stauduhar in the Colonial Revival style. It also includes elements of the Prairie School style. The Colonial Revival style is found in the main façade’s symmetry, door sidelights, with an elliptical fanlight above, and in the multiple panes of glass of the upper sashes on the windows. Many of the widows, however, are characteristic of the Prairie style. They have a larger sash with a single pane of glass and are topped with a smaller upper sash. The exterior of the house is covered in stucco. The texture on the lower half of the wall is rough, while the top is smoother. The interior features leather embossed wall coverings in the front entrance, a grand central staircase, mahogany paneling, stained glass and six fireplaces.</p><br>
<p>Stauduhar House is an historic building located in Rock Island, Illinois, United States. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982. The house is in the Highland Park Historic District.</p><br>
<h2>George P. Stauduhar</h2><br>
<p>George Stauduhar was a prolific architect based in Rock Island. He graduated with a degree in architecture from the University of Illinois in 1888. Stauduhar moved to Rock Island in 1890 to establish his practice, which ended with his death in 1928. He married Anna Elizabeth Farrell in 1891 and they raised eight children. The architectural practice was a family business. His sons assisted in the business arrangements and supervised the construction on the work-site. His oldest son, Charles, owned his own construction company and was his father’s business partner. The Stauduhar daughters maintained the business’s financial records and inventories. He died of heart failure in Valley City, North Dakota on September 23, 1928, while supervising the construction of a church. His son and business partner Charles died the next day in an automobile accident while on his way to make his father’s funeral arrangements. While this brought an end to the family’s architectural business, they continued to live in the house until 1975. George Stauduhar’s architectural and personal papers were donated to the University of Illinois.</p><br>
<p>While Stauduhar designed a variety of buildings, he is most noted for his work for the Catholic Church. He designed over 200 churches in the Gothic Revival style in the upper Mississippi River Valley. Eight of his churches were built in Rock Island County. Stauduhar used classical architectural styles in his residential buildings that incorporated his love for the romantic. He liked to mix textures and various architectural details in the homes he designed. His own home exemplifies this tendency in his work. Stauduhar also designed commercial buildings and steamboat interiors.</p><br>
<p>A sample of George Stauduhar’s designs in Rock Island includes:</p><br>
<p>St. Mary’s Rectory (1890)</p><br>
<p>John Looney residence (1895)</p><br>
<p>Kelly Residence (1895)</p><br>
<p>Villa de Chantal (1900–1919)</p><br>
<p>Sacred Heart Church (1901)</p><br>
<p>Shields House (1904)</p><br>
<p>Potter House (1907)</p><br>
<p>West End Settlement (1907)</p><br>
<p>Peoples National Bank Remodel (1910)</p><br>
<p>Math Residence (1911)</p><br>
<p>Audubon School (1912)</p><br>
<p>A.D. Huesing Bottling Plant and Garage (1912)</p><br>
<p>Fire Station #5 (1914)</p><br>
<p>Eagles Building (1914)</p><br>
<p>Fire Station #6 (1916)</p><br>
<p>Long View Park Chalet (1917)</p><br>
<p>Ward residence (1918)</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Stauduhar designed his own home in 1895 utilizing an eclectic style with Free Classic influences. It features a tile roof, Classical pediment that sits on top of two-story columns, rounded bays, twisted copper downspouts and different window shapes used throughout the structure. Originally the second and third stories were covered in cedar shingles. They were replaced by stucco after a 1918 fire. On the interior the dining room features a barrel-vaulted ceiling and elaborate woodwork in the entry hall.</p><br>
<p>Rock Island Lines Passenger Station is an historic building located in Rock Island, Illinois, United States. It ceased operating as a railway station in 1980. The building was designated a Rock Island landmark in 1987, and it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982. It is now a banquet facility called Abbey Station.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1845 local civic leaders began planning the construction of the railroad to Rock Island. The Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railroad finally reached the city from Chicago on February 22, 1854. It was the first time the railroad had reached the Mississippi River. In order to expand further west, the river needed to be crossed. The first railroad bridge across the Mississippi was built between Rock Island and Davenport, Iowa, opening on April 21, 1856. Rock Island became a pivotal location for the movement of people, commodities and raw materials.</p><br>
<p>The former depot was built in 1901 to serve as the third Rock Island passenger depot. The building was designed by Charles S. Frost of Frost & Granger of Chicago. He had designed over 200 depots in his career for the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad, Milwaukee Road, Great Northern Railroad as well as the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific. The depot was built by Rock Island contractor John Volk for $75,000. For many years the depot had as many as 32 arrivals and departures daily, and 21 ticket agents who worked around the clock.</p><br>
<p>Changes in transportation habits led to the decline in railway travel. The last passenger train left the station on May 31, 1978. The depot itself was closed in April 1980. The building deteriorated until 1994 when the city of Rock Island bought the property from the Iowa Interstate Railroad. In 1996 the city restored the exterior and replaced the clock tower. The deteriorated freight house, which was built of the same materials as the depot, was torn down in 1997. Its bricks and tiles were used in the depot renovations. The depot was sold in 1999 to Abbey Station LLC, which now operates a banquet facility in the building.</p><br>
<p>Sala Apartment Building is an historic building located in Rock Island, Illinois, United States. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2003.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The building was built in two sections. The southern section was built in 1903, and the northern section was built 10 years later. It is one of the earliest multiple family dwellings in the city of Rock Island. Both sections were built by Dr. St. Elmo Morgan Sala. He was from a family of physicians and graduated from Keokuk Medical College in 1882 and started his practice in Rock Island. Before building the apartment building the Salas lived in a home on 19th Street. The building was built south of their house. When the first section was completed they moved into apartment 101 and his office moved into the commercial space below. Dr. Sala died in 1921 and his wife, Mary Elizabeth, inherited the property. She married Judge Robert W. Olmsted and after she died, Judge Olmsted purchased the building from her estate in 1936. It was later inherited by his daughters.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Rock Island architect Leonard Drack designed the southern section of the apartment building and C.D. McLane designed the northern section. The building consists of 25 apartments that are arranged around five interior light wells. It was built on top of a raised basement, which contained three commercial spaces, three apartments and storage. The foundations are built of six-course ashlar limestone, and the upper stories are covered in beige pressed brick. Three entrances in the Classical style, and placed symmetrically in the building, feature stone corner pilasters, a narrow Roman Ionic capital with an egg-and-dart detail and a stone entablature with the name “Sala.”</p><br>
<p>The apartments feature their original oak and pine woodwork, fireplaces, radiators, porcelain bathroom fixtures and some original light fixtures. The American Craftsman style is found in the north section. It is found in most of the dining rooms, which feature vertical panel wainscoting strips and high plate rails. The stair rails and fireplaces also reflect the simplicity of the style.</p><br>
<p>Robert Wagner House is an historic building located in Rock Island, Illinois, United States. It was designated as a Rock Island Landmark in 1984, individually listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990, and became part of the Broadway Historic District on the national register in 1998.</p><br>
<h2>Robert Wagner</h2><br>
<p>Robert Wagner was the son of George Wagner who owned Atlantic Brewery in Rock Island. He received his education from the University of Iowa and the United States Brewers’ Academy in New York City. After completing he studies he worked as a foreman in his father’s brewery before joining his father to manage the business. In 1892 the three breweries in Rock Island consolidated to form the Rock Island Brewing Company. Wagner served as its president for three decades. After Prohibition he entered banking and served as the president of American Trust and Savings Bank and People’s National Bank.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The Wagner home was designed in the Classical Revival style by Frederick G. Clausen of Davenport, Iowa and was built in 1904. It features a three-bay front façade with a central entrance, a balcony and a two-story portico. The pediment above the porch is supported by pairs of fluted Ionic columns. Bracketed eaves extend along the cornice below a deep overhang. Larger brackets support the entrance balcony. Galleries with turned spindles and urn-shaped finials flank the entrance. The gallery on the north is extended to form a porte cochere. On the north side of the home is a beveled and leaded stairway window. A two-story bay on the south side features a “bottle glass” window. On the interior the grand staircase features a semi-circular balcony. Original mechanical devises in the home include a speaking tube, doorbell system and a corner light system.</p><br>
<p>Weyerhaeuser House is an historic building located in Rock Island, Illinois, United States. It was built in 1865 and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975. The home is also known as House on the Hill, and is now part of the Augustana College campus.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Frederick Weyerhaeuser (1834–1914) was a native of Nieder-Saulheim, in the independent Grand Duchy of Hesse, in present-day Germany. He immigrated to the United States in 1856. Weyerhaeuser and his brother-in-law, Frederick Denkmann, founded the Weyerhaeuser and Denkmann Lumber Company in Rock Island. The company continues today as the Weyerhaeuser Company with its head offices in Federal Way, Washington. As the company prospered Weyerhaeuser bought this house in 1865, and re-built it from 1882-1883. In 1900 Weyerhaeuser and fifteen partners bought 900,000 acres of timberland in Washington State. The local partnership ended in 1905 when Denkmann died, and Frederick Weyerhaeuser and his wife had moved to Washington by this time. He died in 1914 in Pasadena, California, and is buried in Chippiannock Cemetery in Rock Island. After Weyerhaeuser moved from the house his daughter Apollonia and her husband Samuel S. Davis lived in the house. They were leaders in industry, society and philanthropy in the city of Rock Island.</p><br>
<p>The home remained in the Weyerhaeuser family for 85 years before it was donated to Augustana College in 1954. The first floor of the home is now used for entertaining college and community guests. Female students are housed in apartments on the second- and third-floors. The building is maintained by an endowment created by friends of the college, with support from descendants of the Weyerhaeuser family.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>When Frederick Weyerhaeuser bought the house in 1865 it was a two-story brick structure with a square cupola. He had it rebuilt in 1882-1883 in the Second Empire style. Added to the original structure are the west entrance hall, additional rooms, bath rooms and the third floor. The third floor featured a mansard roof and a tower room was built over the main entrance. A large tank on the third floor supplied water to the entire house. The dining room was enlarged and elaborate woodwork, carvings and the John LaFarge stained glass window above the fireplace were added in 1888. It is the most elaborate Second Empire structure in Rock Island.</p><br>
<p>The Luggie Water is one of two streams which flow out of Cumbernauld. The Scottish New Town’s name derives from the Gaelic for "the meeting of the waters" and it’s possible this refers to the Luggie Water and the Red Burn, both of which run through Cumbernauld but which never meet.</p><br>
<p>The river levels at Condorrat (after the confluence with the Gain Burn) and Oxgang are monitored by SEPA.</p><br>
<h2>The Luggie in Poetry</h2><br>
<p>Kirkintilloch poet David Gray (1838–61), wrote many poems which mention the river. "The Luggie" which has been partly narrated. is his most well-known work. The Luggie and Other Poems is his anthology and is online. Some of his many verses which mention the Luggie include a poem about a yellowhammer and this unnamed sonnet:</p><br>
<p>LONG yearnings had my soul to gaze upon</p><br>
<p>Fair Italy with atmosphere of fire</p><br>
<p>On tawny Spain; on th&#39; immemorial land</p><br>
<p>Where Time has dallied with the Parthenon</p><br>
<p>In beautiful affection and desire.</p><br>
<p>But when last even, effluently bland,</p><br>
<p>I saw sweet Luggie wind her amber waters</p><br>
<p>Thro&#39; lawns of dew and glens of glimmering green,</p><br>
<p>And saw the comeliness of Scotland&#39;s daughters,</p><br>
<p>Their speaking eyes and modest mountain mien,</p><br>
<p>I blest the Godhead over all presiding,</p><br>
<p>Who placed me here, removed from human strife,</p><br>
<p>Where Luggie, in her clear unwearied gliding,</p><br>
<p>Is but the image of my inner life.</p><br>
<p>Jim Carruth, poet laureate of Glasgow, has a poem called Watershed which is inscribed on the base of Andy Scotts Arria, The Angel of the Naud, statue which overlooks the A80 in Cumbernauld. While it doesnt mention the Luggie by name, the poem, inspired by Cumbernaulds Gaelic name, builds on the theme of watershed to east and west.</p><br>
<h2>Fauna</h2><br>
<p>There have been reports of large mammals including otters, badgers, pine martens, foxes, mink and roe deer along the river. Ornithologists have reported seeing herons and kingfishers too. Eels which swim as far as the Caribbean and back have also been found.</p><br>
<h2>Source and Tributaries</h2><br>
<p>There would appear to be no single source of the Luggie Water although Herds Hill on This very remote location is where the Covenanters used to listen to field preachers despite it being a capital offence. On maps this is at a height of 178m about 1 km south of the larger Fannyside Loch. Its not far from the 10th hole on Palacerigg Golf Course. Within about a kilometer of this point are streams whose waters make it to Linlithgow, Larbert and Kirkintilloch on their way to their destinations.</p><br>
<p>There is indeed a drainage ditch choked with rushes and containing little moving water to the west of this hill which initially runs in a southerly direction before taking a south west route and thereafter westerly bearing joined by other ditches along the way before it joins with another burn coming from the south at a place called Rumblybugs next to the road between Wester Glentore farm and Cumbernauld. This is very close to the upper reaches of the Avon Water.</p><br>
<p>The burn from the south - which is the larger of the two contributing streams that make the first notification on maps as Luggie Water after the confluence of the two is in turn an entity also made of drainage ditches from fields to the north east and north of the village of Greengairs. Worries about potential pollution from mining effluent near this source were published in The Herald.</p><br>
<p>It is therefore difficult to claim a single source for this river and it can be safely assumed as per the Ordnance Survey that the river called the Luggie Water commences at the confluence of its contributaries at. From this point to the Luggie&#39;s confluence with the Kelvin is a distance of approximately 18 kilometres (11 mi) which almost agrees with Groome of the Gazetteer of Scotland. The Gazetteer also states "Fannyside Loch, 2¾ miles SE of the town, is the only one that has not been drained of several lakes; it is 6¾ furlongs long and from 1 to 2 furlongs broad. The new-born Kelvin traces 3¼ miles of the north-western, and Luggie Water 4½ miles of the southern, border; whilst the former throughout is also closely followed by 4½ miles of the Forth and Clyde Canal." The preacher Adam Forman suggests Torbrex Farm as the source.</p><br>
<p>The significant downstream tributary burns after Rumblybugs are in order:</p><br>
<p>Cameron Burn - Which flows north to join the Luggie at Tannoch bridge, (near Bedlam and the stables), south of Pallacerigg Road. The Cameron would appear to be the larger stream of the two.</p><br>
<p>Shank Burn - Another large burn almost as big as the Luggie empties itself into the Luggie from the south near Garngibboch west of both the A73 road bridge and the rail bridge.</p><br>
<p>Gain Burn - At Auchenkilns Holdings from the south a few hundred metres downstream of Garngibboch Bridge near Cumbernauld Rugby Club&#39;s ground. Older maps also show another unnamed burn joining the Luggie just after the Gain Burn coming from Auchinkilns.</p><br>
<p>Moss Water - From Cumbernauld the Luggie flows past Condorrat, whose name is also from a Gaelic phrase - "Comh Dobhair Alt" - The joint river place. The Luggie Water flows round the southern perimeter of Condorrat where older maps and descriptions seem to show it was joined by the Moss Water. (Confusingly they also show the Moss Water flowing north). In 1993 Broadwood Loch, a balancing lake, was created by damming the Moss Water and using a plastic waterproof membrane, and a 6m wall to hold back the water. This was primarily to prevent flooding downstream but also for recreation. The lake is maintained at a nearly constant level and drains northward to the Kelvin via the Board Burn rather than into the Luggie. Modern maps show another balancing pond also exists which does drain south into the Luggie.</p><br>
<p>Mollins Burn - On the eastern edge of the village of Mollinsburn.</p><br>
<p>Bothlin Burn - At Oxgang in Kirkintilloch. The Bothlin escapes from Bishop Loch, south of Gartcosh, it is joined by the Garnkirk Burn east of Davidston farm. The Bothlin is without a doubt the Luggie&#39;s major contributing stream. Its source the Bishop loch was a third larger in area than it is today and this is a result of the Forth & Clyde Canal Company buying the water rights and using it as a storage reservoir to supply the canal at Kirkintilloch via the Bothlin. This was done by a canal feeder drawing water from the burn near Claddens by way of a weir and sluice.</p><br>
<p>As it flows through Kirkintilloch it is crossed by an aqueduct that carries the Forth & Clyde Canal. After this it is but a short distance until it meets the smaller River Kelvin.</p><br>
<p>Despite Groome&#39;s recorded opinion in the Ordnance Gazetteer of Scotland (available online) as a "dull, sluggish, ditch-like stream", there is more beauty to the banks of the Luggie than he saw, for his tardy comments must exclude the stretch of the river through the beautiful glen at Luggiebank and the meanders along its shallow glen west of Mollins.</p><br>
<h2>Bridges, Viaducts and other Landmarks</h2><br>
<p>There are many man-made structures along the watercourse. Some give aesthetic pleasure although others are largely functional. There are road, rail and footbridges as well as viaducts, and weirs along the length of the Luggie and its tributaries. For example at the site of the old mill at Lenziemill there is the ruins of a weir. It looks like a natural waterfall but it raised the water level in order to supply the mill lead to Lenzie corn and flax mills. Some of the isolated spots attract youths who enjoy local tonics or practise their art.</p><br>
<p>Some parts of the river have problems with shopping trolleys and old mattresses and the like just dumped in the river. Volunteers like some Luggiewatch members from Kirkintilloch sometimes give up their free time to help with this problem. Other structures are more poignant like the memorial at Kirkintilloch to a young man, Hazleton Robert Robson, who at the age of 17 drowned in the Luggie Water whilst attempting to save the life of a young child.</p><br>
<h2>No Connection</h2><br>
<p>There is another watercourse in the area of Coatbridge called the Luggie Burn, a tributary of the North Calder Water. Luggie Jean, the murder victim from Cumbernauld, was named after her three ears rather than either of these streams.</p><br>
<p>The Cramptons Gap Historic District comprises the battlefield where the American Civil War Battle of Cramptons Gap, part of the larger Battle of South Mountain, took place on September 14, 1862. The district extends on the west to the foot of South Mountain, and to the east of Burkittsville, beyond the eastern foot of the mountain. The district is characterized by steep mountain terrain in the west and open farmland in the east, with the small town of Burkittsville in the center, which is itself listed as a historic district on the National Register of Historic Places. The district extends to the south to include Brownsville Gap. The district includes 98 contributing buildings, 78 of which are in the Burkittsville Historic District. Crampton&#39;s Gap at the crest of the mountain is encompassed by Gathland State Park, which features the War Correspondents Memorial Arch, erected in 1896 to memorialize journalists killed in wartime. The arch is listed on the National Register as part of Antietam National Battlefield. The mountainous portions of the district feature numerous stone walls, which were used by both sides for shelter against gunfire during the battle.</p><br>
<p>The district was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on January 12, 2011.</p><br>
<p>The Arrowsmith Range is a mountain range in the South Island of New Zealand.</p><br>
<p>The range runs from southwest to northeast, parallel to the main ranges of the Southern Alps. At the northeastern end, the range terminates at Jagged Peak (2,706 m), whence a ridge connects to the Jollie Range. The lower Potts Range is a continuation at the southwestern end of the range. The highest point on the range is Mount Arrowsmith (2,781 m)</p><br>
<p>It is believed that the range was named in honour of John Arrowsmith, the 19th Century British cartographer.</p><br>
<h2>Peaks</h2><br>
<p>Named peaks from northwest to southeast</p><br>
<h2>Rivers</h2><br>
<p>The northwest side of the range is drained by the Lawrence River, a tributary of the Rangitata River, and the southeast side by the Ashburton River South Branch / Hakatere and the Cameron River which flows to Lake Heron.</p><br>
<h2>Glaciers</h2><br>
<p>Although the peaks do not have permanent ice or snow, there are a number of permanent snowfields and glaciers on the range:</p><br>
<p>Jagged Glacier</p><br>
<p>Douglas Glacier</p><br>
<p>Cameron Glacier</p><br>
<p>South Cameron Glacier</p><br>
<p>Ashburton Glacier</p><br>
<p>Tell Jisr, Tell el-Jisr or Tell ej-Jisr is a hill and archaeological site 1.5 km northwest of Joub Jannine in the Beqaa Valley in Lebanon.</p><br>
<p>It was discovered in 1965-1966 by Lorraine Copeland and Peter Wescombe but the perimeter and extent of the find was not fully determined. It is suggested to have been surrounded by fertile arable land suitable for crop cultivation and was likely a river crossing, situated on the east bank of the Litani. A large amount of material was collected by Henri Fleisch and M. Tallon which is now kept by the Museum of Lebanese Prehistory, part of Saint Joseph University. Flint tools were of the heavy type suggested to have been used for deforestation, they included trapezoidal axes, choppers, a variety of scrapers including advanced fan scrapers, segmented sickle blades with fine denticulation and some obsidian. The range of pottery found included stone and basalt bowls and vessels ranging from coarse White Ware to fine, burnished and decorated sherds. A spectrum of jar designs were found with some having red or cream washes. The materials show an established neolithic settlement with many similarities to Byblos and lower Jordan Valley sites that flourished until the Bronze Age. The tell is also notable as the location of the discovery of a fragment of pottery called the McClelland Sherd, Tell Jisr Sherd or El-Jisr Sherd that shows incisions suggested to be the oldest alphabetic writing yet discovered.</p><br>
<p>The Coongie Lakes is a freshwater wetland system located in the Far North region of South Australia. The 21,790 km&sup2; lakes system is located approximately 1,046 km north of the Adelaide city centre. The wetlands includes lakes, channels, billabongs, shallow floodplains, deltas, and interdune swamps. It lies on the floodplain of Cooper Creek, an ephemeral river flowing through a desert landscape in the Lake Eyre Basin which rarely, after occasional large floods, empties into Lake Eyre. The wetland system has been recognised both as being of international importance by designation under the Ramsar Convention with a listing on 15 June 1987 and being nationally important within Australia with a listing in A Directory of Important Wetlands in Australia . Its extent includes the regional town of Innamincka, the Malkumba-Coongie Lakes National Park, the Innamincka Regional Reserve, the Strzelecki Regional Reserve and the Coongie Lakes Important Bird Area.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Coongie Lakes is located in the north-east corner of South Australia about 1,046 km north of the Adelaide city centre. For management purposes, the wetland system has been given a boundary which is triangular in shape. The northern apex of the triangle is near Lake Moorayepe, the south western apex is near Marion Hill in the south and the eastern apex coincides with the South Australia-Queensland border to the immediate east of the town of Innamincka. The area of land within the boundary is reported as being 21,790 km&sup2;.</p><br>
<p>Land tenure is a mix of crown land, pastoral lease and protected area. The surrounding region is arid and has a very low human population density; it is used mainly for cattle grazing, as well as for oil and gas production, and is becoming increasingly important for tourism. Some of the wetlands fill only on rare occasions; some contain water for a short time after periodic flooding, while others are permanent or almost permanent.</p><br>
<h2>Flora and fauna</h2><br>
<p>The banks and the periodically flooded areas of Cooper Creek and Coongie Lakes wetland system are vegetated by river red gums and coolibahs, often with a dense understorey of lignum thickets. The adjacent gibber plains are sparsely covered with Mitchell grass, while the dune country has species of Dodonaea, sandhill wattle and sandhill canegrass.</p><br>
<p>Major floods, generally originating in heavy rainfall in western Queensland, initiate a period of rapid, opportunistic plant growth and an influx of wildlife, especially of large numbers of waterbirds such as ducks, cormorants, pelicans, ibises, spoonbills, herons and waders that aggregate to feed and breed before dispersing as the waters recede.</p><br>
<p>Mammals present in the area include red kangaroos, dingos and, in the wetlands, rakali. There are also a variety of frogs and reptiles, including the inland taipan.</p><br>
<h2>Protected area status</h2><br>
<h3>Australian government</h3><br>
<p>The wetland system has recognition both internationally under the Ramsar Convention and within Australia with an identical listing in "A Directory of Important Wetlands in Australia" (DIWA). It was listed on 15 June 1987 as Ramsar site 376 while it was listed in DIWA prior to 1995. While the Ramsar convention is a treaty obligation of the Australian government, jurisdiction for the management of the wetland system lies with the South Australian government agency, the Department of Environment, Water and Natural Resources.</p><br>
<h3>South Australian government</h3><br>
<p>The following protected areas proclaimed under the National Parks and Wildlife Act 1972 (SA) exist either wholly or partially within the extent of the wetland system: the Innamincka Regional Reserve, the Malkumba-Coongie Lakes National Park and the Strzelecki Regional Reserve.</p><br>
<h3>Non-statutory arrangements</h3><br>
<h4>Coongie Lakes Important Bird Area</h4><br>
<p>An area of 593.2 km&sup2; located at the northern of the wetland system and that is specifically associated with a number of water bodies has been identified as an important bird area by Birdlife International because it supports “more than 1% of the world populations of 12 species of waterbird and shorebird” as well as “populations of the vulnerable Australian painted snipe, the near threatened blue-billed duck, the restricted-range Eyrean grasswren and five species restricted to the arid biome.”</p><br>
<p>Sarushima, is a small island located off Yokosuka, Kanagawa in Japan. It is the only natural island in Tokyo Bay. Sarushima was used as a battery by the Tokugawa shogunate during the Edo period, and after the Meiji Restoration in 1868, the island was developed as the Yokosuka Navy Yard.</p><br>
<p>Matthew C. Perry named the island Perry Island in 1853.</p><br>
<h2>Sarushima Park</h2><br>
<p>Sarushima is now uninhabited, and after World War II, it was developed as a marine park. Swimming and camping facilities were built on Sarushima, which makes it is a popular fishing spot. The highest part of the island is still surrounded by a stone wall from the pre-war period, and features the remains of red brick barracks and a powder magazine. The island is accessible by a ferry.</p><br>
<p>Deux Mamelles, Collines des Mamelles, or simply Mamelles are twin hills located in Ouakam, a suburban commune of Dakar, in the Cap-Vert peninsula, Senegal.</p><br>
<p>These hills are of volcanic originAli Abdallah, Sur une bombe volcanique des Mamelles (Presqu&#39;île du Cap-Vert, Sénégal), in Notes africaines, number 118, April 1968, p. 58-60</p><br>
<p>and they are the vestiges of a plateau from the early Quaternary. The highest hill is only 105 m high, but they stand out in the landscape owing to the flat surroundings. The name of these breast-shaped hills comes from the French term “Mamelle”, a name commonly applied in the French-speaking parts of the world to a breast.</p><br>
<p>On the seaward hill stands a lighthouse, the Phare des Mamelles, while on the hill further ashore the African Renaissance Monument was erected and unveiled in 2010.</p><br>
<p>Sierra de Segura is a mountain range of the Prebaetic System in the Jaén Province in Spain. It is named after the ancient town of Segura de la Sierra and it gives its name to the Segura River. Its highest point is the 1,993 m high Las Banderillas peak.</p><br>
<p>This mountain range is located between the Sierra Nevada, the Sierra de Cazorla and Sierra de Baza mountain ranges. It gives its name to the Sierra de Segura Comarca, an administrative division that includes a number of villages that are scattered across the range.</p><br>
<h2>Protected area</h2><br>
<p>The Sierras de Cazorla, Segura y Las Villas Natural Park is a protected area including about 80% of the Segura Range, as well as the neighboring Cazorla Range and some adjacent mountainous areas.</p><br>
<p>The Henry Smeltzer Farmstead is a historic home and farm complex located near Middletown, Frederick County, Maryland, United States. It includes a two-story six-bay brick farmhouse dating to about 1832, a frame bank barn ruin, and several rusticated concrete block silos. A concrete block slaughter house, weighing house well house and holding pens complete the complex, which was associated in the early and mid-twentieth century with Main&#39;s Meats in Middletown. The house is built into the hillside as a "bank house", with its cellar above grade on the south side. The front and rear elevations feature porches across their widths.</p><br>
<p>The Henry Smeltzer Farmstead was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2010.</p><br>
<p>Prairie View, also known as the Betteridge Property and Crestmead, is a historic plantation house located at Pleasant Green, Cooper County, Missouri. It was built in 1859 by John Taylor, and is a two-story, Italianate/Greek Revival style frame dwelling with a 1 1/2-story rear ell. It features a single story porch with fluted Doric order columns and paired brackets in the eaves. It is notable for its contribution to local commerce and agriculture of the region. The plantation utilized slave labor from the time of its completion until the end of the Civil War. The Prairie View plantation is a private residence and the current owners are Robert and Ann Betteridge. The Betteridge family have owned Prairie View since 1903 when Robert Betteridge&#39;s grandfather William Betteridge bought the house and legally changed the name from Prairie View to Crestmead.</p><br>
<p>Prairie View was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<p>More than half of the original plantation was destroyed by fire March 03, 2008. Over the course of several years the home was restored to its original state.</p><br>
<p>The War Eagle Bridge, a one lane steel bridge built in 1907, adjoins the War Eagle Mill, and carries County Route 98 over War Eagle Creek in Benton County, Arkansas. The bridge was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on November 19, 1985.</p><br>
<h2>Bridge history</h2><br>
<p>The bridge occupies the site of a ford that has been used since the 1830s. Sylvanus Blackburn built a two story log house near the west side and a mill on the east side of the ford in 1832. By the early twentieth century the mill was producing 40 barrels of flour per day, creating a need for better access to local markets.</p><br>
<p>The bridge was constructed in 1907 by the Illinois Steel Bridge Company of Jacksonville, Illinois for a contracted amount of $4,790. It is the only Parker truss bridge in northwest Arkansas, and one of only seventeen steel truss bridges in the state. It has a span of 182 feet, and an approach of 40 feet on the east side of the bridge. The stone range work pier and abutment on the eastern end and wooden planking for the bridge flooring were provided locally. The stone pier and abutment were replaced with a concrete structure in 1982.</p><br>
<p>The construction plans and drawings, contract, and correspondence are available at the Benton County Courthouse.</p><br>
<p>Mount Calowahcan or Mount Harding is sixth highest peak in the Mission Mountains and is located in northwestern Montana in the United States. East of the mountain is the Swan Valley and to the west side is the Mission Valley.</p><br>
<h2>Hiking and Recreation</h2><br>
<p>As most of the Mission Mountains fall under special protection, land use is limited largely to recreation. Motorized trail bikes, motorcycles, three- and-four-wheelers, snowmobiles, hang-gliders and mountain bikes are not permitted. Getting caught with one will result in a ticket.</p><br>
<p>Non-tribal members passing through land belonging to the Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes are required to carry a valid tribal lands-usage permit, which can easily be obtained at local sporting goods stores. The pass is good from March 1 to February 28/29 and allows limited access to the Mission Mountains, stretches of the Flathead River, among others. Please refer to the current year&#39;s regulations.</p><br>
<h2>Protected Areas</h2><br>
<p>Mount Calowahcan falls under the management of the Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes of the Flathead Nation.</p><br>
<p>It is also part of the Flathead National Forest, under which the Mission Mountains Wilderness is designated as a wilderness area. The wilderness area is in the Swan Lake Ranger District. The 73,877 acre wilderness was designated on Jan. 4, 1975 and is managed under the Wilderness Act of 1964.</p><br>
<p>To the south of Mount Calowahcan includes a large grizzly bear protection area which is usually closed to hikers from July through September. This allows the bears to feed on lady bugs and cut worms, and attempts to keep bear-human contact to a minimum.</p><br>
<p>The Moatfield Ossuary was accidentally discovered during the expansion of a soccer field located in North York, Ontario in the summer of 1997. Upon identifying both Iroquois artifacts and human remains, a team of archaeologists was contracted by the province to conduct an archaeological investigation and recover the human remains. The Six Nations Council of Oshweken, provided consent to analyze the human remains, however the time to do so was limited as the remains were to be reburied December 12 the same year.</p><br>
<h2>Background</h2><br>
<p>Ossuaries have long been a known burial practice among the Ontario Iroquois. Early ethnohistoric accounts combined with archaeological, osteological research have provided a window into cultural aspects of Iroquoian death and burial as well as the larger social, economical and political context of the time. Based on radiocarbon dates for three early Iroquoian ossuary pits a developed ossuary tradition had arisen by the A.D. 1000-1300 period. It is believed the ossuary tradition developed in response to an increased need for integration of members of different families for the purpose of agricultural production. At the same time, we begin to see evidence of semi-subterranean sweat lodges appear in the archaeological record, and thought to have functioned to integrate men from different families within the community.</p><br>
<p>It has been argued by Ritchie and Funk, Trigger, Wright, and Williamson and MacDonald that the ossuary burial practice is tied to inter village alliances with socio-political systems based on matrilinial kinship. The need to create and solidify ties within communities can be seen through the evolution of ossuaries and the variation between different affiliated groups, including contemporaneous ones.</p><br>
<h2>Discovery</h2><br>
<p>The Moatfield ossuary was discovered in 1997 in Toronto, Ontario, during the redevelopment of a soccer field. Artifacts from the site confirmed it to be a Middle Iroquoian village (AD 1280 – AD 1320). Following consultation with the Six Nations Council of Oshweken, the province contracted Archaeology Services Inc. to undertake an investigation of the ossuary located on the periphery of the site.</p><br>
<h2>Archaeological Excavation</h2><br>
<p>The Six Nations Council agreed to allow a group of archaeologists to excavate the entirety of the ossuary and remove all skeletal remains. Excavation of the site began on September 6, 1997 and was completed on December 12 of the same year. The ossuary itself was found 30 centimetres beneath the surface and was slightly elliptical in shape. The long axis was oriented in an east to west direction and measure 2.4 metres in length; the north-south axis measured 2 metres in length.</p><br>
<p>The site was impacted through modern anthropogenic modifications of the landscape. Most noticeable was a concrete-filled posthole for a chain-link fence. The auguring of the posthole was the cause for discovery of both the Moatfield village and ossuary. Despite the unearthing of human remains, construction continued and the posthole was filled with concrete; an action that impacted the bones immediately adjacent and below the posthole. Electrical wiring and water pipes also transected the site but had no direct effect on the ossuary.</p><br>
<p>As the human remains were excavated, the location of each bone was recorded on a map and photographed prior to being removed from the site. Photographs were also taken to document any articulations, pathologies, or groupings of bones. Upon removal, special care was taken to protect any bones that may be lost or damaged. For example, all maxillae bones and mandibles were wrapped to prevent the teeth from falling out and crania were removed with soil still attached (a measure that helps to prevent the bones from fragmenting). These and other large elements like long bones, scapulae, sacra, and innominate bones were bagged individually and assigned their own unique catalogue number. All small elements (e.g. Individual tarsals, carpals, vertebrae, ribs and loose teeth) were placed together in a bag that was representative of the 20 centimetre grid unit they came from. Anything articulated was left intact, bagged intact, and assigned one catalogue number.</p><br>
<h2>Artifacts</h2><br>
<p>Although the site primarily contained human remains, there were a few artifacts found as well. Items found included a ceramic pipe fragment, a complete ceramic effigy pipe, several ceramic vessel sherds, and a shattered piece of chert. Of the artifacts, the best preserved was the ceramic effigy pipe, which was designed and decorated to symbolize a turtle. A variety of animal bones (both aquatic and mammalian) were also found. The species identified included Atlantic salmon, American eel, mouse (either deer mouse or white-footed mouse), and a bear. There were also several fish bones that were either tentatively identified or unidentifiable.</p><br>
<h2>Taphonomy</h2><br>
<p>Due to the time restrictions placed on the excavation of the Moatfield Ossuary, an extensive analysis of site taphonomy could not be conducted. Despite the lack of time however, the archaeologists were able to conclude that the human remains had not been exposed to the elements nor did they show evidence of animal activity (with the exception of three bones). They further concluded that the lack of cutmarks or other alterations suggested that the individuals were moved from a primary burial site to the Moatfield ossuary at a later time (secondary burial).</p><br>
<p>Most of the bones were undamaged and although the skulls may have been cracked, they were not shattered. The remains seemed to have been placed into the ossuary with great care and planning. Until the time of modern construction and subsequent excavation, the remains appeared to have been left undisturbed.</p><br>
<h2>Ossuary Formation</h2><br>
<p>The remains in the ossuary were placed with great care and were undamaged at the time of burial. In order to maximise the use of space, the remains were packed very tightly together; so tight that it was nearly impossible to identify individual skeletons unless articulated. Due to the tightly compacted nature of this ossuary, bones were broken or bent in the shape of the walls (particularly long bones). These fractures are not consistent with trampling and because the broken ends remained in close proximity, it was interpreted that great care was taken to minimize damage to the bones in the filling and packing of the ossuary.</p><br>
<h2>Main Ideas of Osteobiographical analysis</h2><br>
<p>The purpose of analyzing the ossuary was to piece together who the Moatfield people were, what happened to them, and what can the archaeologists know about their way of life. This was done by analyzing the bones and bone fragments found in the ossuary.</p><br>
<h2>Difficulties</h2><br>
<p>There were difficulties matching bones to one another due to the high amount of commingling of remains. Also, many bones in the body mature at different stages and therefore one individual may show maturation of some bones while still developing others. This made piecing together of entire individuals difficult and thus making inferences regarding health of individuals less distinct. Also, the sex of individuals was not clear since the entire skeletons were not able to be articulated.</p><br>
<h2>Data</h2><br>
<p>The minimum number of individuals represented by the bones found was 87 in total. The number of adults represented was 58, and juveniles was 29. The counts done by the post-cranial remains equalled 78 in total: 52 adults and 26 juveniles. More cranial remains were found than post-cranial in the site.</p><br>
<h2>Health of the Moatfield people</h2><br>
<p>Based on the extensive osteological (bone) examination, the archaeologists were able to infer the health of the people represented in the ossuary. Although not all health problems show symptoms on bones, the information gathered gives some insight on the health of the society.</p><br>
<p>There were very few examples of bones showing signs of healing from trauma and none of the bones showed any evidence that there was warfare in the society. A few of the healed fractures imply that long-term care was given to individuals who were injured. Very few bones showed any signs of inflammatory bone changes. However, over half of the juveniles crania (skulls) showed evidence of anemia (iron deficiency). This was represented by what is known as cribra orbitalia. This implies that the society had many young children with chronic illness before their death.</p><br>
<p>At least four adults showed symptoms of pulmonary or other forms of tuberculosis which is evident by the loss of bone tissue. However this is not a significant number of adults in the sample size, it does show that infections to this degree were present in the society. There was only one adult individual who showed any signs of cancer. This is known by evidence found on the skull of the individual. One individual was bundled relatively completely, separating it from the other bones which enabled the archaeologists to make inferences on the entire skeleton rather than individual bones. The changes noted on the bones showed clear signs of old age. This is important because older individuals are sometimes lost in the archaeological record due to the frailty of their bones.</p><br>
<p>Isotopic and dental analysis were undertaken to determine what the inhabitants were eating, how food sources were being procured and the effects this had on the health of the population. Results of the isotopic analysis conducted on a sample of teeth form the population evidenced the Moatfield inhabitants had a diet high in maize. Fluctuations observed in the maize consumption over time illustrate a peak period in maize production followed by a subsequent decrease. Individuals who had died and been interred in the ossuary at early, had a diet consisting of approximately 54% maize. Over time this increased to 70%, then dropped to 60%.</p><br>
<p>The health consequences of a diet as high in maize consumption that was seen in the later years of the ossuary, typically show anemia visible in skeletal remains due to deficiencies in amino acids such as lysine and tryptophan. Additionally, low quantities of metals such as zinc form this diet also lead to delayed skeletal development. Surprisingly however, these pathologies were not observed on the remains of the Moatfield individuals. The most likely explanation for this is the consumption of fish from Lake Ontario and local streams that were identified in the faunal collection of the site.</p><br>
<p>The dental analysis for the Moatfield population focused on patterns of caries (cavities), abscessing, wear, and antemortem tooth loss. Dental analysis was divided into two study collections due to the disarticulated nature of the remains: maxillary specimens and madibular specimens. The general patterns observed evidenced greater caries and antemortem loss in the madibular collection, and more abscessing in the maxillary collection. Caries were found to be significantly lower in women, with an increase in caries corresponding to an increase in age. Men evidenced a higher number in caries with no discernible changes related to age. Attrition was found to be moderate. Abscessing quantification is ambiguous at best as it does not adequately account for areas of antemortem tooth loss.</p><br>
<p>Factors contributing to poor dental health among the Moatflied include: no evidence of dental hygiene; low fluoride content in local soils; high starch (maize) consumption that adheres to teeth.</p><br>
<p>No analysis of other factors including ritual removal of teeth, use of teeth as a tool for activities such as hide work was noted. It is unclear if no evidence was found or if time constraints precluded this type of analysis.</p><br>
<p>Part of the skeletal analysis included findings of maxillary sinusitis. Approximately 60% of the remains recovered from the Moatfield ossuary exhibited skeletal pathology consistent with maxillary sinusitis. Although not all cases of this pathology will leave evidence on bone, the results do provide a significant indicator of living conditions and overall health of the population. The predominance of individuals under the age of 12 showed minimal symptoms, however after reaching adulthood prevalence increases and remains high throughout all age groups.</p><br>
<p>The primary factors attributed to this pathology are typically diet and living conditions. The present studies attribute the Moatfield population to living conditions, specifically smoke inhalation from closed quarters within longhouses. The maxillary sinusitis as evidenced by the amount of lesions and remodelling on bone are suggestive of chronic infections. Though not generally of cause of death on its own, the prevalence of maxillary sinusitis did predispose the Moatfield inhabitants to other respiratory infections such as tuberculosis, which was found to be a common cause of death.</p><br>
<h2>Discussion/Conclusion</h2><br>
<p>The Moatfield site provides a rare snapshot into the lives of Iroquonians from the 13th Century. Evidence indicates the ossuary was a cemetery for one community. The key here, is that it served a community, not just a family or a specific kin group, a pattern that is more typically seen in populations from this period. Health patterns observed in the remains evidence a reliance on agriculture, and this reliance changed over time. Regardless of the changes, a continuity in the relationship between the dead and the living was maintained. The socio-political patterns associated with the evolving agricultural subsistence base, are reflected in the bones of Moatfield people.</p><br>
<p>The remains were reburied less than six month later on December 18, 1997. In the small window of time between the initial finding and reburial, the Six Nations Council and researchers came together and were able to share part of the story of the Moatfield inhabitants with future generations.</p><br>
<p>Rota Latte Stone Quarry is known as the As Nieves quarry and is located near the Chamorro village of Sinapalo, on the island of Rota, United States Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, in the Marianas Archipelago. As Nieves was the origin the stone quarries in the Marianas. The prehistoric megaliths are believed to have been used as foundation pillars for houses, but their exact age and origins have not been determined. Some pillars weighed up to 35 tons with the methods of quarry and transportation not known.</p><br>
<h2>Latte stones</h2><br>
<p>A latte stone (also called taga stone) pillar is a two-piece structure consisting of a base (haligi) and hemispherical cap (tasa), with the flat side turned upwards. It has been believed that the prehistoric latte stone pillars were used as housing foundations for the indigenous culture of the Marianas. The homes sat atop two parallel rows of the pillars, and the Chamorro, or their ancestors, buried their dead between the rows. The stones pre-date any retained oral history of the Chamorro, who cite the original source of the stones as the "taotaomona" (before time people). The exact age of the stones has not been determined, but some are believed to date back to at least 845 AD. Carbon dating places the indigenous population as far back as 3,000 BC.</p><br>
<h2>The quarry</h2><br>
<p>The Rota quarry is known as the As Nieves quarry. The origin of the megalith quarries in the archipelago, it is the abandoned site of the largest unearthed latte stones in the Marianas. Nine haligi and seven tasa are found at the As Nieves quarry.</p><br>
<p>Some of the abandoned megaliths found at the quarry would stand approximately 25 ft high if the haligi had been topped with tasa and erected upright. The tasa at this quarry measure approximately 7 ft across and 5 ft high. The work was halted without finishing the stones, and there is no record of why the site was suddenly abandoned.</p><br>
<h2>Theories</h2><br>
<p>The quarry method is not known, nor the method of transporting the latte to their destination and uprighting the stones. Theories and legends exist about the stones, but nothing is scientifically proven.</p><br>
<p>When erected, the megaliths from Rota Latte Stone Quarry would be per 0.5 m taller than the tallest existing latte stones at House of Taga in Tinian Island. This is indirect proof of the competition between different groups, striving to build the most impressive set of latte stones.</p><br>
<p>Legend credits the origin of the quarry to a mythological chief named Taga, who quarried the stones at Rota before abandoning the site and later erecting the House of Taga on Tinian. A different legend tells of ghosts carrying the stones.</p><br>
<p>Theories about the quarried stone involve levers, bipods, and brute human strength, carrying or dragging stones that are known to have weighed up to 35 tons.</p><br>
<p>The House of Taga  is an archeological site located near San Jose Village, on the island of Tinian, United States Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, in the Marianas Archipelago. The site is the location of a series of prehistoric latte stone pillars which were quarried about 4,000 ft south of the site, only one of which is left standing erect due to past earthquakes. The name is derived from a mythological chief named Taga, who is said to have erected the pillars as a foundation for his own house.</p><br>
<h2>The structures</h2><br>
<p>The prehistoric latte stone pillars (also called taga stones) at House of Taga stood 15 ft high, and were quarried about 4,000 ft south of the site. The original megaliths consisted of a base (haligi) and a hemispherical cap (tasa). When uprighted in spaced parallel rows, it is believed a house was built on top. Of the twelve upright stones sketched by British explorer George Anson during his 1742 visit to Tinian, only one remains standing. The As Nieves Rota Latte Stone Quarry is believed to be the Marianas origin of the period of these megalith structures.</p><br>
<h2>Legend of Chief Taga and his house</h2><br>
<h3>Alexander Spoehr</h3><br>
<p>In his 1957 published work Marianas Prehistory: Survey and Excavations on Saipin, Tinian and Rota, anthropologist Alexander Spoehr noted that the House of Taga had most likely been the central latte structure among eighteen such structures on Tinian. According to legend collected by Spoehr, a 10 ft tall Guam chief named Taga married a Rota woman. The chief began the Rota Latte Stone Quarry to carve stone for their home. Mid-way through, he changed his mind and instead built the house on Tinian.</p><br>
<h3>Variation</h3><br>
<p>One variation on that story also puts Taga&#39;s origins at Guam. As a child, he began demonstrating such super-human strength that his own father was jealous and tried to kill him. Taga escaped from his father by jumping off a cliff on Guam and landing on Rota, almost 50 mi away. On Rota, Taga grew to adulthood and became a braggart about his prowess. According to the legend, it was Taga who began the As Nieves Quarry on Rota and abandoned it for reasons that are unclear.</p><br>
<p>Taga married and had a family, and they sailed to Tinian. His reputation had preceded him, and the chief of Tinian presented several challenges to test Tagas strength. The chief was subsequently so impressed with Tagas abilities that he named Taga the chief of the island. Taga carved the latte stones to single-handedly build his Tinian house and a village for his people. He carried the multi-ton pillars all by himself. As the years passed, while on a trip to Saipan, Tagas wife gave birth to a son that Taga bragged about to no end. Tagas brother tired of all the bragging and challenged Taga to a contest, which ended in a draw between the two brothers. This was the end of Taga&#39;s bragging.</p><br>
<p>Eventually, Taga and his wife were the parents of twelve children. When Taga realized that his youngest son had greater strength than he, Taga flew into a jealous rage and murdered his son. Tagas wife died of grief. His youngest daughter then speared Taga to death and died of a broken heart. As each of Tagas twelve children died, their spirits inhabited the latte stones of his house. Each spirit was released by the individual latte stone falling to the ground. The lone standing megalith today is said to imprison the spirit of the daughter who murdered Taga.</p><br>
<p>The Turners and Foxs Gaps Historic District comprises the Civil War-era battlefield involved in the Battle of South Mountain, which took place on September 14, 1862. The district extends on the west to the slopes of South Mountain in the area of Zittlestown, and to the east beyond the foot of the mountain to the small community of Bolivar. The district is characterized by steep mountain terrain in the west and open farmland in the east, with Turners Gap to the north and Foxs Gap to the south. The district includes 115 contributing buildings and structures. The most significant contributing buildings are the Mountain House Inn  and the White House Inn, or Beachley House. Also included in the list is the Reno Monument at Foxs Gap, shown at right. The Old National Pike, now known as USA 40 Alternate, passes over South Mountain at Turners Gap.</p><br>
<p>The district was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on January 12, 2011.</p><br>
<p>Trifylia  is a municipality in the Messenia regional unit, Peloponnese, Greece. The seat of the municipality is the town Kyparissia. The municipality has an area of 616.019 km. It was named after the ancient Triphylia region.</p><br>
<h2>Municipality</h2><br>
<p>The municipality Trifylia was formed at the 2011 local government reform by the merger of the following 6 former municipalities, that became municipal units:</p><br>
<p>Aetos</p><br>
<p>Avlonas</p><br>
<p>Filiatra</p><br>
<p>Gargalianoi</p><br>
<p>Kyparissia</p><br>
<p>Tripyla</p><br>
<h3>Province</h3><br>
<p>The province of Trifylia (Επαρχία Τριφυλίας) was one of the provinces of the Messenia Prefecture. Its territory corresponded with that of the current municipality Trifylia and the municipal units Dorio, Eira and Nestoras. The province was founded in 1833, comprising the northern part of the newly formed Messenia Prefecture. It was abolished with the administrative reform of 1836, but re-established in 1848. In 1899, along with the neighbouring Olympia Province (until then part of the Elis Prefecture), it formed the short-lived Trifylia Prefecture, which was abolished in 1909. The province of Trifylia was abolished in 2006.</p><br>
<p>Sandstone Peak, also known as Mount Allen, is a mountain in Ventura County, California, and the highest summit in the Santa Monica Mountains with an elevation of 3,114 ft. Located near the western edge of the Santa Monica Mountains National Recreation Area, the summit provides panoramic views of Malibu, The Pacific Ocean, Santa Monica, the Conejo Valley, and four of the Channel Islands. The Sandstone Peak Trail, which leads to the top, connects to a vast trail system in the area, including the Backbone Trail. The mountain is highly popular with climbers, hikers, campers, and photographers.</p><br>
<p>The Boy Scouts of America petitioned the USA Board on Geographic Names to name the mountain for W. Herbert Allen who had donated land for nearby Camp Circle X and other Boy Scout camps. He served as president of the Los Angeles Area Council. The board denied the request because of a long-standing policy not to approve a geographic name in commemoration of a living person. The land is now known as the Circle X Ranch, a park unit located in the Santa Monica Mountains National Recreation Area.</p><br>
<p>The Jacob M. Funk Farm, also known as the Heaton House, is a historic farm in Washington County, Maryland, listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The 7.6 acre property includes a stone house, barn, springhouse and dairy house, all built of local stone. The buildings were built between 1800 and 1840, and represent an outstanding group of early 19th century stone German vernacular buildings of a type common to the area.</p><br>
<p>The house is two stories in an L-shape, with a frame addition. There are five rooms downstairs with an entry/stair hall, with a similar arrangement upstairs. A cellar includes traces of an older house that was incorporated into the new house. It features a fireplace that retains two swivel cooking cranes. The barn is a stone a frame structure of the "Sweitzer" kind, with stone ends.</p><br>
<p>The Jacob M. Funk Farm was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2006.</p><br>
<p>The name of Île Boulay is applied an island in the Ébrié Lagoon in Ivory Coast. This island is relatively unpopulated  and remains in an undeveloped state, considering their proximity to the urban areas of Abidjan. Île Boulay is only 15 minutes from downtown Abidjan by boat. It contains vacation cottages for some of the richer residents of the city. Water skiing is a popular activity offshore.</p><br>
<p>Since 2008 there has been a project to extend the Autonomous Port of Abidjan to the island, and to build a bridge to it. Also in 2008, the government of Mali begin construction of a warehouse for goods transshipped through Abidjan. These projects have created considerable opposition from the local residents. The waters around Île Boulay have also been affected by bacterial and chemical pollution.</p><br>
<p>Geographical coordinates: 5°16′45″N; 4°06′56″W</p><br>
<p>The Jones Cash Store was a mail order catalog business established by Portland, Oregon, entrepreneur Henry J. Ottenheimer in 1882, and is a building listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Before moving to a larger, more prominent location, the Jones Cash Store operated out of a building at 80 and 82 Front Street in the downtown area of Portland. As popularity of the mail order catalog grew throughout the Pacific Northwest, Henry sought to find a larger building within which to operate. He later purchased the property at 111 SE Belmont Street and began construction on his state-of-the-art 80,000 ft&sup2; catalog supply store. Because of its location by the railroad tracks and the river, the store could easily ship and receive goods by railroad, steamer ship, and via truck. The building remained the Jones Cash Store until 1929 at which time it was sold to Montgomery Ward.</p><br>
<p>Since 1929, the building has been used as a cold storage facility, a fresh produce distribution facility, an electrical supply warehouse, a bicycle supply warehouse, and several other uses. In 2009, Belmont & Morrison LLC was formed with the intent of saving the venerable old building from the wrecking ball. During the latter half of 2009 and continuing into 2010, a major architectural and structural rehabilitation was done of the entire facility. As a result, the building is now more structurally sound than it ever was at any point in its history. All work has been done to current building standards while maintaining as much of the historic look and feel of the building as possible. The building is now used by a local self-storage company named Rose City Self Storage & Wine Vaults.</p><br>
<p>The Mordecai Lincoln House is a historic house in Exeter Township, Berks County, Pennsylvania built c. 1733 by Mordecai Lincoln, the great-great-grandfather of President Abraham Lincoln. The house stands in the narrow valley of Hiester Creek on a 9 acre plot near the village of Lorane on Lincoln Road.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>President Lincoln had only a vague knowledge of his Pennsylvania ancestors, believing that they were Quakers from Berks County. The first Mordecai Lincoln lived in Scituate, Massachusetts. Two of his sons, Abraham and Mordecai Jr., the president&#39;s great-great-grandfather, first moved to New Jersey before 1714 and then to Pennsylvania in 1720. Mordecai Jr. settled near the present day Coventryville, Chester County and became a partner in the Coventry Forge with Samuel Nutt Sr. and William Bransom, then selling that interest for five hundred pounds in 1726. He moved to Amity Township, Philadelphia County (now Exeter Township, Berks County) sometime after 1727.</p><br>
<p>In 1729 Mordecai Jr. leased a thousand acre farm and married his second wife, Mary Robeson. He later bought the farm and built his house on it about 1733. The house was enlarged about 1760 and a separate summer kitchen was built in the early nineteenth century.</p><br>
<p>The Mordecai Lincoln House is four miles south of the Daniel Boone Homestead, birthplace of Daniel Boone and the two families clearly were acquainted. Mordecai Lincoln Jr. served as a justice of the peace, road inspector, and militia captain or commissioner for defense against the Indians. He died in 1736, shortly before the birth of a son, also named Abraham. This Abraham married the first cousin of Daniel Boone, Anne Boone, who was a Quaker but who was censured by the Exeter Friends Meeting for marrying a non-Quaker. This fact indicates that the Lincolns were not Quakers, even though Mordecai Jr. is believed to be buried in the Exeter Friends Burial Ground. In his will, Mordecai Jr. left land in New Jersey to his sons by his first wife. His land in Pennsylvania was left to his sons by his second wife, with his son Mordecai inheriting the house.</p><br>
<p>John Lincoln, the eldest son of Mordecai Jr., was great-grandfather of President Lincoln. He was born in 1716 in New Jersey and owned several pieces of land in Lancaster and Berks counties. He lived at least 35 years in Pennsylvania, including 8 years in Amity Township. In 1765 he sold his Pennsylvania land before moving to the Shenandoah Valley in Virginia. Several of his descendants were also named Mordecai or Abraham.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The 1733 section of the house, with its gable facing the road, is banked into the hill with two stories rising above the basement level. Viewed from the road, It is about 30 feet wide by 20 feet deep, with two rooms, one on each side. It is one of the oldest English-style houses in Berks County, and resembles the Penn Plan design propagated by William Penn in the early days of Pennsylvania. Nevertheless, with the gable-end to the front and its banking into the hill, it also resembles the German vernacular style common in Berks County in the eighteenth century. The basement contains a walk-in fireplace about 7 feet wide.</p><br>
<p>The 1760 addition is stepped up the hill by about 11 inches and has a similar plan. It is about 30 feet wide and 36 feet deep. The walls of both sections are 18 inches thick and constructed of local stone. Dormers were added to the roof about 1830, and have been retained in the restoration that began in 1987. The summer kitchen, about 20 feet south of the 1760 addition, was built in the early nineteenth century. It is constructed of red sandstone, but is now painted white. It has 2 stories plus a large basement and includes another walk-in fireplace on its first floor.</p><br>
<p>The house was used as a farmhouse into the twentieth century. For about 20 years ending in 1987 it was abandoned and neglected, with a large hole in the roof opening up. A complete renovation in 1987-88 returned the house to its c. 1760 form.</p><br>
<p>Swakeleys House is a Grade I-listed 17th-century mansion in Ickenham, London Borough of Hillingdon, built in 1638 for the future Lord Mayor of London, Sir Edmund Wright. Originally the home of the lords of the manor of Swakeleys, writer Samuel Pepys visited the house twice. The property changed hands many times over the years and at one time was home to the Foreign & Commonwealth Office Sports Association. Large sections of the grounds were sold off in 1922 and developed as suburban housing.</p><br>
<p>Following a long period of decline, the house was purchased in the 1980s by a group of local residents and restored as part of its conversion to offices. It became a focal point for Ickenham during the biennial Ickenham Festival when the grounds were used to host the main gala day, until the house&#39;s new owners restricted access in 2014. Swakeleys is open in part once a year to the public as part of Open House London. Planning permission was granted in 2014 for the conversion of the house to form one large, residential property.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Construction</h3><br>
<p>The manor of Swakeleys was named after Robert Swalcliffe, 14th century owner of the manor, who is also recorded as "Swalcleve". John Charlton later took ownership of Swakeleys but a relative of his was subsequently killed during the Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485, while fighting on the side of Richard III. The victor of the battle, Henry VII, subsequently granted Charlton&#39;s widow a life interest in the manor, although he gave possession to Sir Thomas Bourchier. The Bourchiers later passed Swakeleys to Sir John Pecche, from whom it then passed to the Earl of Devon, Henry Courteney, then Ralph Pexall.</p><br>
<p>The house was built for Sir Edmund Wright, who became Lord Mayor of London in 1640. The brick structure dates from between 1629 and 1638. In 1629, Wright purchased the grounds from John Bingley, who had undertaken extensive remedial work on an existing 13th century structure in the grounds—probably timber-framed and wattle filled. Bingley&#39;s alterations were said to have been detrimental to the condition of the house and grounds. He was accused of driving away almost all the birds in the dovehouse, and of pulling up many healthy fruit-bearing trees from the orchard. The house had a moat, which Bingley filled in, believing the water to be unhealthy, at which point he also had a defensive brick wall built around the house.</p><br>
<p>The house is built in an "H" shape with a central section flanked by four projecting wings. Swakeleys was built of English Bond brick, with its windows framed with stone. Several of the exterior rain-water heads show the year construction was completed along with the initials "E.W." for Sir Edmund Wright. To the west of the house, a large lawn stretches out to what is now known as Swakeleys Lake. The main routes leading to the house have since become the residential streets Swakeleys Road (then Back Lane), The Grove and The Avenue.</p><br>
<p>Inside, the main staircase is made of oak, and the fireplaces of marble. The 42 foot long by 23 foot wide Great Chamber, also known as the Ball Room and the Long Gallery, originally had a pinewood floor. It was covered by new flooring after it became worn over time. The room is 16 foot high, with the ceiling arranged in fifteen panels. Within the room is a wooden screen made for Sir James Harrington in 1655 by woodcarver John Colt and painted to resemble stone. On top of the screen sits a bust of Charles I flanked by two lions. In the Dining Room, the panelling is believed to be from the original house, which Sir Edmund was so impressed by that he had it incorporated into the new building.</p><br>
<h3>Subsequent ownership</h3><br>
<p>Wright&#39;s son-in-law Sir James Harrington took over ownership from Sir Edmund. Harrington was a commissioner at the trial of Charles I and fled to France in 1660 upon the restoration of the monarchy. His wife, Lady Harrington, sold the house to Sir Robert Vyner.</p><br>
<p>Samuel Pepys visited the house in 1665 and noted some of its features, particularly the busts of Charles I, Lord Essex and Lord Fairfax and described the house as "a very pleasant place". The body had been dried in an oven and kept in an open coffin and was then displayed to visitors. Sir Robert later became Lord Mayor of London in 1674.</p><br>
<p>Pepys wrote of his first visit:</p><br>
<p>Sir Robert died in 1688, when Swakeleys passed to his nephew Thomas Vyner, whose son Robert sold it to Benjamin Lethiullier in 1741 on behalf of his sister-in-laws son Benjamin. In 1750, Lethiulliers son sold the house to the Reverend Thomas Clarke, at that time rector of Ickenham. Clarke&#39;s son Thomas Truesdale Clarke succeeded his father in ownership of the house in 1796. He was later found drowned in the River Pinn, which ran through the Swakeleys estate. Although the river was only 20 in deep, it was enough to cover his face and therefore cause drowning. An inquest was held which refused to return a suicide verdict as the coroner believed such a ruling would stigmatise the Clarke family.</p><br>
<p>Edward Walford also wrote about Swakeleys House in 1893, when he described it as "the most interesting Jacobean house in the whole county of Middlesex. The gardens are quaint and trim, laid out in something of the old-fashioned style and a long avenue of elms adorns the front of the house to the south." The avenue was developed as the residential road The Grove, though the elms were killed by Dutch elm disease in the 1960s.</p><br>
<p>While Albert Gilbey was the main tenant of the house in the 1890s, the All England Croquet Championships were held in the grounds. Gilbey later became High Sheriff of Middlesex in 1912. The estate became significantly smaller following the disposal of 1,382 acres of the estate for development at an auction on 5 July 1922. Warren Road, Swakeleys Drive, Court Road, Milton Road, Ivy House Road, The Avenue and Thornhill Road (originally named Park Road) were constructed while other land bordering the River Pinn was designated as public open land. Humphrey John Talbot bought the house to avoid it being demolished and eventually sold it to the Foreign and Commonwealth Office Sports Association in 1927, upon the condition he could remain as a tenant on the first floor. Swakeleys was requisitioned by the military during the Second World War when a searchlight battery operated within the grounds. The Foreign Office retained the house until 1955 when it was sold to the London Postal Region Sports Club. The club staged cricket matches with local teams from Ickenham and Uxbridge.</p><br>
<h3>Restoration</h3><br>
<p>Three local residents, Keith Chamberlain, Paul Newson and Simon Kreiger, formed Swakeleys House Ltd as a non-profit company to purchase the house in 1980 following a long period of deterioration. They then restored its key features and constructed new office buildings within the grounds to help finance the restoration works. In 1984, a 25 year lease was negotiated with the Bristol-Myers Squibb company and the house was opened to the public for three days a year. HRH Prince Philip the Duke of Edinburgh officially opened the newly refurbished house on 7 May 1985. Swakeleys House Ltd went on to win the 1988 Country House Award for best conversion of a listed country house.</p><br>
<p>During 2012, scenes for the film Great Expectations, and the television adaptation of Mr Stink, were filmed within the house.</p><br>
<h3>New ownership</h3><br>
<p>The Bristol-Myers Squibb lease expired in 2009 and Swakeleys was sold to new owners who wished to reduce public access to one day a year, as part of Open House London. This new proposal was accepted by the London Borough of Hillingdon in June 2010.</p><br>
<p>In 2014, the new owner of Swakeleys, CES Properties (Ickenham), received planning permission from Hillingdon Council to convert the house back into a single large residence, including 23 en-suite bedrooms, a party pavilion and a stable. CES Properties placed restrictions on the staging of the Ickenham Festival that year, leading to the festival&#39;s organising committee relocating its planned gala day and evening events to the nearby Vyners School. The festival had previously used the grounds of the house as a focal point for events. CES Properties placed the house up for sale in February 2015 for £45 million.</p><br>
<p>The Surrogate&#39;s Courthouse, also known as the Hall of Records, is a Beaux Arts municipal building in lower Manhattan in New York City.</p><br>
<p>Opened in 1907, it is located on the northwest corner of Chambers and Centre Streets, across the street from City Hall Park and from the Municipal Building. It houses the citys Municipal Archives, as well as providing courtrooms for the Surrogates Court for New York County on the fifth floor.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The well-proportioned seven-story, steel-framed building is faced with granite from Hallowell, Maine, and contains elaborate marble interiors.</p><br>
<p>The three-part Chambers Street facade features a triple-arched main entrance centered along the two-story base, above which is centered a three-story Corinthian colonnade topped by a cornice, a sixth story, another cornice and a mansard roof.</p><br>
<p>It was designed to be fireproof, in order to safely house the citys paper records. The Beaux Arts exterior features fifty-four sculptures by prize-winning artists Philip Martiny and Henry Kirke Bush-Brown, representing both allegorical figures — such as New York in Its Infancy, New York in Revolutionary Times, Philosophy, Law, and the seasons — and eminent figures from the citys past, including Peter Stuyvesant, DeWitt Clinton, David Pietersen De Vries, and mayors Caleb Heathcote, Abram Stevens Hewitt, Philip Hone, Cadwallader David Colden and James Duane.</p><br>
<p>There is a three-story interior courtyard, supposedly inspired by the Paris Opera, featuring an imposing marble double staircase leading to colonnaded balconies on the upper stories. Its considered one of the citys finest Beaux Arts interiors. Mosaic murals showing the zodiac were created by William DeLeftwich Dodge. The elaborate Surrogates&#39; courtrooms on the fifth floor are endowed with carved oak and mahogany paneling, and gilded plaster decoration.</p><br>
<p>The building has been favorably compared to the somewhat smaller Chamber of Commerce building and the somewhat larger Customs House, both contemporaries of this building in lower Manhattan.</p><br>
<p>A rear entrance to the building has been made accessible to people with disabilities, although some claim some internal obstacles remain.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>A new Hall of Records, to replace a badly outdated building in City Hall Park, had been planned since 1888. The building was designed by John R. Thomas and built between 1899 and 1907. Thomas was credited with being the nation&#39;s most prolific designer of public and semi-public buildings.</p><br>
<p>Fay Kellogg helped design or prepare plans for the Hall of Records. She designed the prominent double staircase in that building&#39;s atrium and she said it was her idea to place statues of early Dutch governors like Peter Stuyvesant on the building so that they would look out over the modern city.</p><br>
<p>Although the fifth-floor Surrogates courtrooms were planned as part of the building from the beginning, the name Hall of Records was not officially changed to Surrogates Courthouse until 1962.</p><br>
<p>The building has suffered from few alterations over the years, aside from the removal of some Martiny statues facing Centre Street when that street was widened in 1961. Those statues, Authority and Justice, are nearby at the New York County Courthouse, 60 Centre Street.</p><br>
<p>The interior is popular with film and television production companies and has been used in dozens of commercials, series and movies. and the building is on the National Register of Historic Places (1972). It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1977.</p><br>
<p>Rainbow Falls is the highest waterfall on the Middle Fork of the San Joaquin River, in the eastern Sierra Nevada mountains of California, in the United States. Plunging 101 feet to the turbulent water below, the falls are named for the rainbows that appear in their mist on sunny summer days. Rainbow Falls is located within the boundaries of Devils Postpile National Monument.</p><br>
<p>About 75,000 years ago, lava erupted from a vent just east of the present-day falls. The eruption occurred in two stages. The first pulse of lava flowed about 1 km westward and pooled in the Middle Fork of the San Joaquin drainage. The second pulse of lava insulated the first, allowing it to cool slowly and to fracture vertically. The layer above cooled under different conditions and fractured horizontally. Geologists describe these rocks as platy rhyodacite; they are visible in the cliffs that surround Rainbow Falls.</p><br>
<p>As water rushes over the cliff, it erodes the vertically fractured rhyodacite more easily. A small cavern begins to form at the base of the falls, and the overlying rock loses its support and collapses. This process, known as undercutting, causes the waterfall to recede slowly upstream. To date Rainbow Falls has retreated about 500 ft due to undercutting.</p><br>
<p>Mount Hiuchi is one of the 100 Famous Japanese Mountains, reaching the height of 2,462 m. It is situated in Japans Kubiki Mountains in Niigata Prefecture. It was specified for Jōshinetsu Kōgen National Park on July 10, 1956.</p><br>
<h2>Outline</h2><br>
<p>The surrounding is a Snow country (Japan). This mountain is famous for many Alpine plants on the upper part of the mountains above the tree line. Siberian Dwarf Pine can be see in the place and Rock Ptarmigan lives. This mountain is selected to " 100 famous Mountains with flowers" by Sumie Tanaka. She introduced Primula cuneifolia Ledeb. var. hakusanensis Makino of Primula as a represented flower. There are several climbing routes to the top of the mountain. There are Kōya pond and Kōya Mountain hut with campground in the southeast in the top of the mountain.</p><br>
<h2>Scenery of Mount Hiuchi</h2><br>
<p>Mount Peter is a 1,220 ft mountain located in the New York – New Jersey Highlands, Bellvale Mountain, in the USA state of New York. The peak is located along the Appalachian Trail in the Town of Warwick, just south of New York State Route 17A, 38 mi northwest of New York City, 2 mi east of Bellvale, New York and north northwest of Greenwood Lake, New York.</p><br>
<p>The mountain is named after an early pioneer to the area, Peter Conklin. A hawkwatch tower occupies a summit just north of Mount Peter; below the tower an ice cream parlor serves hikers and passing motorists. A small ski area occupies the northward-facing slope of the mountain.</p><br>
<h2>Ski Area</h2><br>
<p>Mount Peter is also home to a ski and tubing area of the same name. Originally opened in 1936 as a showcase for Macy&#39;s ski apparel, the ski area occupies the mountains northern slope and features 14 trails 1 terrain park served by 3 double chair lifts, 2 carpet lift and a handle tow. The mountain continues operations today as the oldest operating ski area in New York and one of the only family run slopes in the region. The resort also features a full base lodge complete with cafeteria, bar and rental facilities along with a gift shop. The mountain is lighted for night skiing and tubing and features snowmaking on all trails.</p><br>
<p>Monte do Gozo  is a hill in Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain. It is known for being the place where Christian pilgrims on the Camino de Santiago  get their first views of the three spires of their destination, the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela. At 370 m,</p><br>
<p>Monte do Gozo is about three kilometers (two miles) outside city centre, and is reachable by a 20-minute local bus ride in alternative to walking. It is less than a kilometer away from the small hamlet of San Marcos. It rises 70 m above the trail before it and 110 m above the city. It is also a popular site for bicyclists.</p><br>
<p>The hill features the large Ciudad de Vacaciones Monte do Gozo (Monte do Gozo Holiday City) development, constructed in 1993 for benefit of the pilgrims, which includes a spread-out, bungalow-style, 500-bed hotel/hostel, a camping ground, the large Auditorio Monte do Gozo for outdoor concerts (which has featured major international popular music artists), and gardens and walking paths, all on 65 hectare. and resulted in a reshaping of the hill. Sponsored by the local government in conjunction with that years local Holy Year for St. James Day, some aspects of the development (especially the concert venue) drew the ire of the Church, which preferred a greater focus on the religious meaning of the area. While the hotel/hostel has helped relieve the city proper of accommodation pressure during peak times, its appearance itself has not always been viewed favourably, with one book calling it a "modern grief" and another characterizing it as "soul-crushingly awful".</p><br>
<p>The Camino is paved asphalt during this stretch. The hill is surrounded by eucalyptus trees, Camino guide writer John Brierley cautions pilgrims not to expect too much from this stop and says that, "The tiny chapel of San Marcos is the only thing left on the hill that gives any sense of history to this romantic sounding place." Pope John Paul II visited the hill to lead the final mass in August 1989 of that years World Youth Day. Sculptures reside atop it; the most dominant one (pictured) was placed to celebrate that event, and portrays on its base both John Pauls visit and a pilgrimage of Saint Francis of Assisi in the early 13th century.</p><br>
<p>The Skew Arch Bridge in Reading, Pennsylvania, also known as the Askew Bridge and nicknamed the Soap and Whiskey Bridge, is a historical skew arch bridge completed in 1857 carrying two tracks of the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad  at an angle over Sixth Street in Reading, Berks County, Pennsylvania. The bridge was acquired by Conrail after the P&R&#39;s demise in 1976, and was transferred to Norfolk Southern Railway in 1999.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The bridge was designed by Richard Osborne in 1856. He submitted a model to the company made of pieces of soap before construction and workers were paid partially in whiskey, leading to the unusual nickname.</p><br>
<p>The main arch of the bridge spans 40 ft, with two smaller arches spanning the sidewalks on either side. The courses of the arch are constructed from local brownstone in elliptical curves which follow the angle at which the railroad tracks cross the street. Because of this design, there is no keystone in the arch.</p><br>
<p>In 1951 the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission placed a historical marker on the site, and in 1973 the bridge was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>HABS Skew Bridge Reading.jpgView of the courses of the arch, 1999</p><br>
<p>Tetas de Maria Guevara are twin hills located near Laguna de la Restinga in central Isla Margarita, Venezuela.</p><br>
<p>These hills are used as a landmark by local fishermen. They were declared a Natural Monument in 1974. The western hill, the higher, is only 75 m high, but they stand out in the surrounding flat arid plain and are easily seen from the ferry. One of the local legends say that these breast-shaped hills were named and given to a mestiza woman from Cumaná called Maria Guevara who fought in the Venezuelan War of Independence and breast fed soldiers. She had two sons of whom she breast fed as adults which is thought to be the reason of why they were such great warriors, hence the hills were named after her breasts. The estate was lost after her death and the Guevara family were never able to claim it their own, as the deeds of the island, documenting Marias possession of it were hidden in a papaya fruit. However, her tomb lies beneath the hills of the mountains.</p><br>
<p>Kawaikini is the highest point on the Hawaiian Island of Kauai and in Kauai County and measures 5,243 ft in elevation. It is the summit of the island&#39;s inactive central shield volcano, Mount Waialeale. Other peaks on Kauai include: Waialeale , Namolokama Mountain , Kalalau Lookout , Keanapuka Mountain , Haupu  and Nounou .</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>A rain gauge placed on the nearby Waialeale lake records daily rainfall and regularly lands Kauais peaks on the National Climatic Data Centers list of places averaging the highest annual rainfall. This high rainfall makes reaching the summit difficult on most days.</p><br>
<p>The rain is not the only barrier to reaching Kawaikini. The Alakai Wilderness Preserve is located to the west and its miles of dense, swampy forest limit access to the summit. To the north, east, and south, Kawaikini is protected by steep, wet cliffs.</p><br>
<h2>Etymology</h2><br>
<p>Ka wai kini literally translates to "the multitudinous water" in the Hawaiian language, referring to the island&#39;s high rainfall.</p><br>
<p>The Book of Mormon Historic Publication Site is a historic site located in the village of Palmyra, Wayne County, New York, United States. The historic site includes the E. B. Grandin Building and some neighboring structures. It was in the E. B. Grandin building that Egbert B. Grandin printed and sold the first copies of the Book of Mormon. Because of the buildings historical significance to Mormonism, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints  purchased it in 1978. In the mid-1990s the church restored the Grandin building, while remodeling and adding to some neighboring structures to create a visitors center.</p><br>
<h2>Building History</h2><br>
<p>Egbert B. Grandins printing press and bookshop was located in the western most building of a complex originally known as Thayer and Grandin Brick Row, and later as Exchange Row. The complex of buildings was constructed in 1828, between Palmyras Main Street and the newly finished Erie Canal (which has since been moved north), by Joel Thayer, Levi Thayer, and Phillip Grandin. Phillip Grandin was the older brother of E. B. Grandin, and soon after the complex was completed E. B. Grandin moved his business into what would become known as the E. B. Grandin Building.</p><br>
<p>Grandins bookshop and office were housed on the buildings first floor, his book bindery and an attorneys office on the second floor, and the printing equipment — including two printing presses — on the third floor. In 1829 when Grandin was asked to publish the Book of Mormon, he was the publisher of The Wayne Sentinel newspaper. Eventually Grandin closed his bookshop and printing service, and the building has since housed numerous businesses. Both the buildings interior and exterior were remodeled and updated several times through the years, including building additions, adding walls, new stairwells, dropped ceilings, plumbing, electrical systems, etc.</p><br>
<p>The E. B. Grandin Building, along with a neighboring structure, was purchased by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in October 1978 from Paul Cherry. Soon after the purchase, the first floor in both buildings were remodeled to serve as a visitors center. During Palmyras Canal Days celebration, computers with access to FamilySearch databases were set up in the building to allow visitors to research their genealogy.</p><br>
<h3>Restoration</h3><br>
<p>During December 1993 the LDS Churchs First Presidency announced the visitors center would close sometime the following year to allow the building to be restored, and the visitors&#39; center improved. On November 20, 1994 the center was closed, to allow final research to be completed and work to begin on the restoration.</p><br>
<p>Prior to the building&#39;s closure, and during the restoration, extensive historical and archaeological research was completed. As the archaeological investigations were underway in the building, it was found that much of the original plaster and woodwork remained, along with original floors and windows. The layout of the building was discovered by looking at wear patterns left in the original wooden floor. Ink smudges were also discovered on the walls of the third floor, and are believed to date to the period when the building was occupied by Grandin.</p><br>
<p>On the exterior of the building, non-original Italianate style decoration, such as architrave moldings, were removed. Old layers of paint were also removed, and it was found that originally the brick had been painted in a red glaze with painted mortar joints; this gave the building a uniform, crisp look. A similar red glaze with white mortar joints was painted on the building during the restoration. Older additions were removed from the rear of the building, and a new addition, to be part of the visitors&#39; center, was constructed in their place.</p><br>
<p>On March 26, 1998, the anniversary of when the Book of Mormon went on sale, Gordon B. Hinckley president of the LDS Church, dedicated the restored building and adjoining visitors&#39; center. The building is open free of charge, for daily tours given by church missionaries.</p><br>
<h2>Publication of the Book of Mormon</h2><br>
<p>When Joseph Smith, Jr. originally requested that Grandin print the Book of Mormon, he refused to do so, believing it to be a risky financial venture and considered the book to be fraudulent. Smith then sought a printer in nearby Rochester to do the job. There he found printer Elihu F. Marshall, who was willing to publish the book. But prior to signing an agreement with Marshall, Smith once again appealed to Grandin, telling him the publication would occur anyway. Grandin then agreed to print 5,000 copies of the book. Later after more worries arose, Grandin halted publication until he received a USD $3,000 security payment. Martin Harris, a well-to-do farmer and early believer in Smith&#39;s revelations, mortgaged his farm for the required $3,000 security payment, effectively ending his marriage.</p><br>
<p>On June 26, 1829, the twenty-three-year-old Grandin announced in the Wayne Sentinel that he intended to publish the Book of Mormon, once the translation was complete. Oliver Cowdery prepared a copy of the book&#39;s manuscript, and Grandin bought 500 pounds of small pica type for use in the publication. The chief compositor, John H. Gilbert, found that the manuscript was "closely written and legible, but not a punctuation mark from beginning to end." Gilbert said that he added punctuation and capitalization in the evenings. To print the book, Grandin used a Smith Improved Printing Press, which had first appeared on the market about 1821 and was the most up-to-date press available to the small printer of the day. The original press used by Grandin to print the Book of Mormon, is currently located in the Church History Museum in Salt Lake City, Utah.</p><br>
<p>In October, Smith wrote that local citizens were "very much excited" by the prospect of publication, but their excitement was not the sort that he had hoped for. The Palmyra Freeman called the prospective book "the greatest piece of superstition that has come to our knowledge." In September, Abner Cole began a weekly newspaper, the Palmyra Reflector, and because he used Grandins press, Cole had access to the unbound sheets and reprinted mocking excerpts until Smith threatened legal action. Many of the local citizens saw the Book of Mormon as blasphemous and not in line with orthodox Christianity. Because of this, many of them had tried to persuade Grandin to stop the books publication. Unsuccessful, they agreed to boycott the book by not purchasing the printed copies.</p><br>
<p>On March 26, 1830 the Wayne Sentinel announced that Book of Mormon was now on sale at Grandin&#39;s bookstore. It had taken eight men and boys working 12 hours a day, six days a week, for almost eight months to print the 5,000 copies. After the book went on sale, the boycott began. It was successful and few books were sold, Martin Harris, who had mortgaged his farm to pay for the publication, desperately tried to sell the books himself but lamented that "no Body wants them."</p><br>
<p>Today copies of Grandins first publication of the Book of Mormon are a popular collectors item. In 1999 a copy of the first edition of the Book of Mormon sold for $58,000, in 2000 another copy was sold for $44,000, in 2007 a copy was sold at auction for $180,000, and in 2014 an original edition was appraised on the popular PBS series Antiques Roadshow for $100,000.</p><br>
<p>The Uces is a river in Salamanca province, tributary of the Douro.</p><br>
<p>This small Spanish river has its origin in Puertas, near Ledesma, in the province of Salamanca, and it is about 45 km long.</p><br>
<p>The Uces River, tributary of the Douro River and formed by the confluence of multiple streams, is named so after the crossing village Las Uces. It is a river with a huge flow during winter and spring, which sometimes creates floods that routinely cross all the old stone bridges. By contrast, the river is almost dry during the summer months.</p><br>
<p>The Uces River, in its last part before merging with the Douro River, has eroded the surrounding granite landscape and it has formed one of the most famous waterfalls of the area, the Smoking Waterfall ("Pozo de los Humos") which is part of the Uces River. This spectacular waterfall is about 40 m high.</p><br>
<p>As wetland, the environment of the Uces River hosts a rich fauna, with a number of herons and egrets, birds of prey (golden eagle, peregrine falcon and eagle owl), the white stork (occasionally you can see couples of black storks passing by), kingfishes and other various birds including mallards as well as otters. Dragonflies and autochthonous mackerels (Achondrostoma Salmantinum), are now seen frequently.</p><br>
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<p>Cuerden Hall is a country mansion in the village of Cuerden near Preston, Lancashire, England. It is a Grade II* listed building. The Hall was formerly a family home between 1717 and 1906, and used by the Army until the 1960s. It is now a Sue Ryder Care Home. The parkland and wider estate are known as Cuerden Valley Park.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The original house on the site, dating from the 17th century, no longer exists. The Charnock family of Charnock Richard, owned the estates until 1521, when Richard Charnock of Cuerden and Leyland sold his manor to Thomas Langton, Lord Newton. In 1605 Henry Banastre of Bank Hall bought the Cuerden Hall Estate from the Langton Family, (Barons of Newton-in-Makerfield) Henrys daughter</p><br>
<p>Alice, wife of Sir Thomas Haggerston Bt, held ownership in 1641. The present building dates from 1717 and was erected by Banastre Parker, son of Robert Parker, the former High Sheriff of Lancashire for 1710, when he moved the Parker family from Extwistle Hall. Upon his death in 1738 the estate passed to his son Robert Parker (1727–1779) and in turn to his grandchildren Banastre Parker (1758–1788) and Thomas Towneley Parker (1760–1794).</p><br>
<p>The arms feature Parker quartering Towneley and impaling Brooke (In 1816 Robert Towneley-Parker (1793–1879) married Harriet Brooke (1798–1878), daughter of Thomas Brooke of Church Minshall, Cheshire).</p><br>
<p>In the years 1816 to 1819 Robert Townley Parker (1793–1879), having inherited the estate from his father, remodelled the Hall according to the designs of Lewis Wyatt. This incorporated a significant extension to the east wing of the property.</p><br>
<p>After the death of Capt. Robert Townley Parker (1823–1894) and later his brother Thomas Towneley Parker (1822–1906) the estate passed to their nephew Reginald Arthur Tatton (1857–1926) who re-designed the gardens, introducing a pergola and gazebo, a walled garden and pond.</p><br>
<p>During the First World War Tatton adapted the Hall for use as an infirmary for troops, and between 1 May 1915 and 8 June 1917 it was known as Cuerden Hall Auxiliary Hospital. The drawing rooms, with the Tatton family’s collection of old masters and portraits still adorning the walls, were turned into wards and furnished with beds, bed linen and equipment, whilst the parkland and gardens provided an area for convalescence for the soldiers, enjoying such activities as boating on the lake, haymaking, and picnicking. There were also trips to the Tatton family’s other house nearby, Astley Hall. An album filled with photographs, letters and news cuttings that tell this particular story in Cuerden Hall&#39;s history was recently offered for sale.</p><br>
<p>During the Second World War, the estate was requisitioned by the Ministry of Defence and converted into an Army Education Centre and later became the British Army Divisional Headquarters (number four of five) of the Anti-Aircraft Command. By the late 1950s the Hall had been in use by the Army intermittently for a number of years and in 1958, after nearly 250 years of private family ownership, the Hall was finally sold by the Tatton family to the Ministry of Defence and it became the Army&#39;s Headquarters North West District.</p><br>
<p>In 1977 the Central Lancashire Development Corporation took over the Hall from the Ministry of Defence and established its own Headquarters there, in the process constructing new offices and car parks in the grounds. By 1978, the parkland and wider estate had been developed into Cuerden Valley Park and in 1986, following vacation of the building by the Corporation, work had started on converting the Hall into a Sue Ryder Care Home, its present occupiers.</p><br>
